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Material or Function

Brick[45]
- Handmade Brick[1]
- Hard Tan Brick[8]
- Machine Made Brick[10]
- Soft Red Brick[8]
- Tile[1]
Concrete[26]
- Asbestos Cement Shingle[1]
- Cast Stone[3]
Earth[22]
Finishes[32]
- Brushes[0]
- Fresco[0]
- Gilding[2]
- Glazes[0]
- Paints[0]
  - Distemper[0]
  - Mineral paint[0]
  - Oil-based Paints[0]
  - Varnish[0]
- Varnishes[0]
- Wallpaper[1]
  - Lincrusta[0]
Metals[2]
- Aluminum[0]
- Copper[0]
- Steel[0]
Mortars[106]
- Bedding[3]
- Earthen-based[0]
- Lime-based[0]
- Pointing[13]
- Repointing[0]
- Setting[2]
Mosaics[5]
Plasters[133]
- Earthen Plaster[0]
- Finish Coat[15]
- Scagliola[1]
- Scratch Coat[1]
- Stucco[38]
Stone[138]
- Igneous[2]
  - Basalt[0]
  - Carbonac[0]
  - Plutonic[1]
    - Granites[1]
    - Syenite[0]
  - Volcanic[1]
    - Basalt[1]
    - Pumice[0]
    - Tuff[0]
- Metamorphic[53]
  - Foliated[1]
    - Gneiss[0]
    - Slate[1]
  - Granular[52]
    - Marble[51]
    - Quartzite[0]
    - Serpentinite[1]
- Sedimentary[14]
  - Carbonaceous[1]
    - Sandstone[1]
      - brownstone[0]
  - Carbonates[1]
    - Dolomites[0]
    - Limestone[1]
    - Tuffas and travertines[0]
  - Clastic[3]
    - Sandstone[3]
  - Non-carbonates Chemical[1]
    - Gypsum[1]
    - Onyx[0]
Terra-cotta[4]
Wood[21]
- Douglas Fir[0]
- Silicified wood[0]

Building or Site

Creation Date

16th century[8]
17th century[4]
- 1650s[1]
  - 1655[1]
18th century[15]
- 1740s[1]
  - 1742[1]
- 1773[4]
- 1776[1]
19th century[73]
- 1810s[7]
  - 1818[5]
- 1820s[4]
- 1830s[9]
- 1840s[3]
- 1850s[6]
  - 1855[1]
- 1860s[6]
  - 1860[1]
- 1870s[10]
- 1880s[6]
  - 1881[1]
  - 1884[1]
- 1890s[18]
  - 1894[13]
  - 1896[3]
20th century[60]
- 1900s[2]
- 1910s[4]
  - 1914[1]
- 1920s[20]
  - 1927[1]
  - 1929[1]
- 1930s[3]
  - 1939[1]
- 1950s[1]
  - 1957[1]
- 1960s[1]
21st century[2]
- 2000s[2]

Deterioration

Biological Colonization[2]
- Biofilm[2]
Discoloration and deposit[12]
- Efflorescence[1]
- Gypsum crust[6]
- Iron stains[3]
- Soiling[5]
Material loss[8]
- Delamination or Exfoliation[1]
- Freeze-thaw damage[1]
- Sugaring[7]

Object Type

Analysis[70]
- Accelerated Weathering[0]
- Cross section[31]
- Dispersion[0]
- FTIR[0]
- SEM Bulk[4]
- SEM Mount[3]
- SEM-EDS[0]
- Thin section[35]
- XRD[0]
- XRF[0]
Artifact[2]
Brick[25]
Brushes[0]
Clay[0]
Collection Sample[0]
Core drill[1]
Coupon[0]
Cube[0]
Cylinder[0]
Disk[0]
Facsimile[0]
Fines/Powder[220]
Fragment[380]
Granules[0]
Gravel[0]
Manufacturer's Sample[11]
Other[0]
Paint chips[0]
Pebbles[0]
Photographic film[0]
Raw Building Materials[0]
Sand[0]
Silt[0]
Slab[2]
Strappo[0]
Testing[1]
- Bond Strength[0]
- Compressive Strength[0]
- Consistency[0]
- DRMS[0]
- Drying shrinkage[0]
- Mortar Analysis[0]
- Particle Size Distribution[0]
- Salts[0]
- Shear strength[1]
- Water Vapor Transmission[0]
Tile[0]

Image

Title

Collection ID

Other ID

Building Material

Site or Building

Date of sample

Bruker Tracer 5G Portable XRF Analyzer

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy More info: TRACER 5 pXRF spectrometer | Bruker

© 2024 Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania

© 2025 Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania

Architectural Conservation Lab

Duhring Wing 051
236 South 34th Street
Philadelphia PA 19104-6311
215.898.3169 pennhspv@design.upenn.edu

Frank G. Matero

Director and Chair, Department in Historic Preservation

José C. Hernández

Lab Manager, Research Associate, Collections Manager

Explore the Collections

Historic Building Materials Collection
Vermont Marble Company Stone Collection
Alhambra Plasterwork Collection
Student Thesis Library
Walker Zanger Commercial Stone Library

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Explore the Collections

Historic Building Materials Collection
Vermont Marble Company Collection
Alhambra Plasterwork Collection
Pigment and Resin Collection
Sands and Aggregates Library
Microscopy Reference Slides
Student Thesis Library
Walker Zanger Natural Stone Library

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